FOR WRITTEN QUIZ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ONLY
QUIZ
quiz 1: Animals and Communities Learning Module - Understanding Animal Welfare
QUIZ 2: Animals and Communities Learning Module - Relationships Between Animals and People
QUIZ 3: Human Behaviour Change Learning Module - Understanding Behaviour
quiz 4: Human Behaviour Change Learning Module - Designing Effective Behaviour Change Interventions Using COM-B and Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW)
QUIZ 5: Human Behaviour Change Learning Module - Stages of Behaviour Change
Quiz 6: Human Behaviour Change Learning Module - Behaviour Change Best Practices
Quiz 7: Community Engagement and Development Learning Module - Key Concepts in Community Engagement and Development
Quiz 8: Community Engagement and Development Learning Module - Core Values and Principles of Community Engagement and Development Processes
Quiz 9: Community Engagement and Development Learning Module - Approaches for Working with Communities
Quiz 1: Understanding Animal Welfare
How can we ensure that animals are getting what they need?
Look at the cow tethered to a fixed location far from feed and water. Select the domains of welfare that do not appear to be met and may be undermining the animal’s welfare.
Select all relevant domains:
A. Nutrition domain
B. Health domain
C. Environment domain
D. Behaviour domain
E. Mental State domain
Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E
Explanation:
- Nutrition domain – Nutritional domain appears to be an issue because the animal is tied which restricts their movement thereby preventing them from accessing food and water
- Health domain – Health domain appears to be an issue as the animal doesn’t look to be in good health and good body condition. Prolonged lack of access to food and water could potentially result in health issues related to poor body condition.
- Environment domain – Environment domain appears to be an issue because animal is tied to a fixed location and unable to seek refuge from the elements
- Behaviour domain – Behaviour domain appears to be an issue because the animal is tied and unable to move freely, lay down, or express natural behaviours due to their movement being restricted. The animal is also unable to socialize with other animals.
- Mental State domain – Mental domain appears to be an issue because tying prevents the animal from having a positive mental experiences related to having a sense of control and freedom of choice and movement, deriving pleasure from eating/drinking, expressing natural behaviours, and being able to obtain physical comfort.
How can we ensure that animals are getting what they need?
Look at the healthy and bullocks sick with disease kept together. Select the domains of welfare do not appear to be met and may be undermining the animal’s welfare.
Select all relevant domains:
A. Nutrition domain
B. Health domain
C. Environment domain
D. Behaviour domain
E. Mental State domain
Correct Answers: A, B, C, E
Explanation:
- Nutrition domain – Nutritional domain appears to be an issue because there does not appear to be freely accessible water available to the animals
- Health domain – Health domain appears to be an issue because sick animals are kept in close proximity with healthy animals, thereby increasing the likelihood of disease spread, shelter is dirty with uncleaned faeces and lots of flies which can facilitate the spread of parasites.
- Environment domain – Environment domain appears to be an issue because animals are kept closely together in a restricted space, and shelter is dirty with faeces which creates smells of excrement and lack of fresh air
- Mental State domain – Mental domain appears to be an issue because animals prevented from having a positive mental experiences related to experiencing good health and avoiding disease, olfactory comfort due to being exposed to faecal smell, and may have limited physical comfort due to restricted space.
- Behaviour domain does not appear to be an issue because animals are able to socialize together and can move freely.
How can we ensure that animals are getting what they need?
Look at the image of a donkey working while overloaded and exposed to high temperatures and being beaten. Select the domains of welfare do not appear to be met and may be undermining the animal’s welfare.
Select all relevant domains:
A. Nutrition domain
B. Health domain
C. Environment domain
D. Behaviour domain
E. Mental State domain
Correct Answers: B, C, D, E
Explanation:
- Health domain - appears to be an issue because the animal is overloaded which can cause lameness and injury, and the animal is being beaten with a stick which can cause wounds, and is working hard carrying heavy loads while exposed to high temperatures which can cause heat stress, exhaustion, as well as dehydration if sufficient water is not provided.
- Environment domain - appears to be an issue because animal is exposed to high temperatures while being over worked with heavy loads.
- Behaviour domain - appears to be an issue because animal is exposed to a threatening circumstance of being beaten, and is unable to move freely while overloaded to escape or rest as needed.
- Mental domain - appears to be an issue because the animal is prevented from having a positive mental experiences related to being free from threatening experience and pain, pleasures of freedom of movement and thermal comfort.
- However, nutritional domain does not appear to be an issue because animal appears to have a good body condition.
Look at the image of an animal owning household below showing animals returning from work while household members carry out animal husbandry activities while animal health service providers check one of their animals.
Assess which animal needs appear to be met in terms of the 5 domains of welfare, and choose the needs which appear to be met and correctly matched with the appropriate domains of welfare they represent.
A) Nutrition domain: Feed and water is available.
B) Health domain: Animals have good body condition; animal is receiving timely preventative health check by animal health service providers; animal is not overloaded and allowed to rest after working hard.
C) Environment domain: Animal can move freely; animal can socialize with other animals.
D) Behaviour domain: Shelter for animal is clean and keeps the animal protected from elements.
E) Mental State domain: animal experiences pleasures of eating and drinking and experiences physical and thermal comfortable and feeling of robust health.
Correct Answers: A, B, E
Explanation:
The 5 domains are not hierarchal and it is not about how many domains are met, but about meeting each 5 in some capacity.
- Nutritional Domain: Feed and water is available.
- Heath Domain: Animals have good body condition; animal is receiving timely preventative health check by animal health service providers; animal is not overloaded and allowed to rest after working hard.
- Mental Domain: animal experiences pleasures of eating and drinking and experiences physical and thermal comfortable and feeling of robust health.
Regarding Environment and Behaviour domains, the images show these are met. However, in the provided choices, the statements are mismatched. The correct statements are as below:
- Environment Domain: Shelter for animal is clean and keeps the animal protected from elements.
- Behaviour Domain: Animal can move freely; animal can socialize with other animals.
Quiz 2: Relationships Between Animals and People
Refer to the choices provided below and identify which animal care and management practices are matched to either positive or negative animals’ welfare state experiences.
Choose all that apply:
A. Provide your animal with water and quality feed at all times - Positive animal experience.
B. Prevent your animal from resting as animals are created to serve people - Neutral.
C. Shout at your animal - Negative animal experience.
D. Speak quietly and calmly to your animal - Positive animal experience.
E. Tie your animal or confine your animal in small space alone - Positive animal experience.
Correct Answers: A, C, and D
Explanation:
Providing your animal water and quality feed; and speaking quietly and calmly to your animal enables your animal to experience positive experiences; whereas on the opposite shouting at your animal, preventing your animal from resting, tethering your animal or confining your animal in small spaces unable to socialize with others results in animals to have negative experiences.
Working animals’ welfare and related productivity is influenced by people’s animal husbandry and management practices. The plus (+) or minus (-) sign within the brackets ( ) in each statement below indicate how people’s animal husbandry and management practices are related to the achievement of the resultant welfare and productivity of their animals indicated after the equals sign (=).
Identify the statements that are correctly matched/correctly stated from the choices provided.
Choose all that apply:
A. working/production animal (-) veterinary check-up = more healthy and productive animal
B. working/production animal (-) inhumane handling = more painful, sad and unproductive animal, with higher risk of wounds and infection
C. working/production animal (-) nutritious food = more hungry, less healthy and less productive animal
D. working/production animal (+) companionship of other animals = more comforted and relaxed animal
Correct Answers: C and D
Explanation:
A. working/production animal (+) veterinary check-up = more healthy and productive animal
B. working/production animal (+) inhumane handling = more painful, sad and unproductive animal, with higher risk of wounds and infection
C. working/production animal (-) nutritious food = more hungry, less healthy and less productive animal
D. working/production animal (+) companionship of other animals = more comforted and relaxed animal
E. working/production animal (+) quiet and comfortable lying area = more rested, relaxed and productive animal
Which of the statements are true?
Select all that apply:
A. It is not possible to motivate people to improve their animals’ welfare if such changes do not have perceived benefits to people.
B. The stronger the animal – human bond, the more motivated and likely animal owners are to invest in positive animal welfare practices.
C. External/environmental factors often influence owners’ circumstances and animals’ experiences.
D. When working with communities it is important to help them self-discover/identify how animals contribute to human wellbeing and resilience either directly or indirectly.
E. Animals’ welfare needs may change depending on the physical environment only.
Correct Answers: B, C and D
Explanation:
A. It is not possible to motivate people to improve their animals’ welfare if such improvements cannot be linked to perceived benefits to people. FALSE: understanding benefits of animals to people is one potential means to motivate people to care for their animals. However, even if no tangible benefits are perceived from animals or their related welfare improvements, there are other ways to motivate people to improve animal welfare which can be achieved by understanding peoples’ values and beliefs both broadly and in relation to their animals and seek to appeal to those.
B. The stronger the animal – human bond, the more animal owners are motivated and are likely to invest in positive animal welfare practices. So this statement is TRUE.
C. The local environmental and geographic location and socio-economic factors influence owners’ circumstances and animals’ experiences. This statement is TRUE. Owners’ local environment and geographic location and socio-economic factors influence owners’ circumstances. This also affects owners’ potential in fulfilling their animals’ needs too. E.g. access to health services, water points, purchasing power of nutritional feed and quality of equipment used on the animals depending on the species
D. When working with communities it is important to help them self-discover/identify how animals contribute to human wellbeing and resilience either directly or indirectly. This statement is TRUE. Benefits of owning animals contribute to human wellbeing and resilience depending on the species and the socio-cultural and spiritual significance attached to the species in that specific context. These are key elements to explore when working with communities; and it is important to help them identify in their own context on their own the benefits which communities and households derive from owning animals.
E. Animals’ welfare needs may change depending on the physical environment only. This statement is FALSE. Animals’ welfare needs may change depending on the physical environment, on the animals’ age, season, even within a single day. Understanding these varying needs and circumstances help animal owners/carers or users to practice compassionate husbandry and handling practices.
Which of the following statements exemplify how animals may contribute to community members’ well-being?
Select all that apply:
A. Working animals support transport goods communities produce to local markets.
B. People who own many animals are considered wealthy and are respected by their neighbours.
C. In the case of financial difficulties, animal owners can use their animals as insurance and take out loans against using their animals as collateral or sell them to overcome periods of financial distress.
D. Animal ownership creates a cultural sense of identity and belongingness.
Correct Answers: A, B, C and D
Explanation:
A. Working animals such as donkeys support communities by serving as a source of transport for goods and people
B. In many societies, owning animals is considered a sign of wealth and provides people to be recognized and respected by local community members and decision makers as they directly and indirectly influence.
C. Animal owners can use their animals for emergency cash thereby enabling themselves to withstand or overcome finically difficult seasons/circumstances.
D. In addition to the economic and social status benefits of owning animals, large number animal keeping has also a sense of identity building and has cultural and spiritual significance. E.g. for example the Maasai tribes’ sense of identity is strongly linked with cattle keeping.
Quiz 3: Understanding Behaviour
What is NOT a human behaviour?
Select any that apply:
A) Owner does not clean the eyes of the animal everyday
B) Animal has bad body condition as a result of untreated wound
C) Owner cleans the animals shed on a daily basis
D) Family members intend to seek treatment for their sick animal
Correct Answers: B and D
Explanation:
B is incorrect as the statement only reflects the existing animal condition; and not who the doer is and how often and when they need to treat the wound. D is incorrect as it only shows the intention of the Family members to seek treatment for the sick animal.
Identify choices that show the correct correlation between the COM-B model and its sub-components.
Choose all that apply:
A) Motivation – Reflective and Automatic
B) Capability – physical capability and psychological capability
C) Opportunity – physical opportunity and Social Opportunity
D) Motivation – Physical Opportunity and Social Opportunity
E) Capability – physical capability and physical opportunity
Correct Answers: A, B and C
Explanation:
Capability comprises of physical capability and psychological capability. Opportunity has also physical and social opportunity as its sub-components, while Motivation has automatic and reflective motivation as its sub-components.
Understanding behaviour in terms of COM-B (capability, motivation, opportunity) drivers is important because it enables you to identify the most appropriate intervention functions/behaviour change techniques?
A) True
B) False
Correct Answers: A) True
Explanation:
Undertaking COM-B diagnosis is key to understand the behaviour that needs to change and what kind of strategies/intervention functions can be help in narrowing down the strategies and designing effective intervention to change and sustain the desired behaviour change.
Quiz 4: Relationships Between Animals and People
Which one of the following are represented within the behaviour change wheel (BCW)?
Select all that apply:
A) COM-B
B) Intervention Functions
C) Trans-Theoretical Model Stages of Behaviour Change
D) Policy functions
Correct Answers: A, B and D
Explanation:
- A) COM-B mode is represented in BCW as it helps to identify the drivers of behaviour.
- B) Intervention Functions is represented in BCW as it identifies strategies for intervention.
- C) Policy Categories is represented in BCW as it identifies appropriate policy categories that are available to support behaviour change process.
- D) Trans-theoretical Model stages of behaviour change is a separate model that gages where people are in their journey towards behaviour change.
Your project identified that the COM-B components “psychological capability” and “physical opportunity” need to be addressed to support animal owners in adopting the behaviour desired to improve their animals’ welfare.
Refer to the reference table below based on the behaviour change wheel provided to identify the appropriate intervention functions that are recommended to address the changes needed in these COM-B components, and select all answers which include the correct intervention functions as recommended in the table.
A) Psychological capability - training, education, enablement
B) Physical opportunity – persuasion, restrictions, environmental restructuring, modelling and enablement
C) Physical opportunity – training, restrictions, environmental restructuring and enablement
D) Psychological capability – training and enablement
Correct Answers: A and C
Explanation:
- Psychological Capability – Training, Education, Enablement are the recommended corresponding potential intervention functions for psychological capability.
- Physical Opportunity – Training, Restriction, Environmental Restructuring and Enablement are the recommended potential corresponding intervention functions for physical opportunity.
Quiz 5: Stages of Behaviour Change
Which of these statements about the stages of behaviour change is incorrect?
A) Stages of behaviour change is a linear process
B) People in different stages face particular challenges in progressing to the next stage of behaviour change stage
C) People’s identity, personal circumstances, and their position within society shapes their journey of behaviour change
Correct Answer: A
Explanation:
Answer “A” is the correct incorrect answer as the stages of behaviour change do not represent a linear process as because there are different variables that can affect how people progress or regress through the stages of behaviour change. Answers “b” B & C are correct as because of people’s position or circumstance or their identity varies which brings out different variables.
Stages of behaviour change in a given community always starts from pre-contemplation stages of change.
A) True
B) False
Correct Answer: B (False)
Explanation:
Depending on the animal welfare condition identified and the existing practice within communities, the stages of change for different animal welfare issues might be different. On some issues of animal welfare, communities/individuals may be at pre-contemplation or contemplation or at preparation stages of stages. This is why it is important to assess what stage of change people are in related to an identified animal welfare issue and corresponding causal human behaviour(s).
In the Trans-Theoretical Model of Stages of behaviour change, what is the correct order of stages?
A) Pre-contemplation, relapse, preparation, maintenance
B) Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
C) Preparation, pre-contemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance
D) Maintenance, action, pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation
E) Pre-contemplation, preparation, contemplation, maintenance
Correct Answer: B
Explanation:
The stages of behaviour change starts from Pre-contemplation whereby people are not aware of an animal welfare issue; which then shifts to contemplation where they start to have the awareness but are not yet determined to start taking actions. After contemplation comes preparation in which people’s decisional balance has shifted to believing change is needed and they are determined to take action and start to make preparations to adopt the new behaviour. This is followed by the action stage where the new behaviour change begins to be performed. The subsequent stage is the maintenance stage where the adopted behaviour is sustained.
Choose the correctly matched stages of behaviour change with the phrase that best describes the stage.
Choose all that apply:
A) Relapse/recurrence – unaware
B) Preparation – ready to take action
C) Maintenance – confident performing the newly adopted behaviour
D) Contemplation – Acknowledge behaviour change is needed
E) Action – Learning to adopt the new behaviour
F) Pre-contemplation – Reverting back to the old behaviour
Correct Answer: B, C, D and E
Explanation:
People are taking concrete steps and actions to change their behaviour starting from preparation, action and maintenance stages where they make action and implement plans and begin to practice the new behaviour, and continue to practice and sustain it. During Pre-contemplation or Contemplation stages people are either unaware of or are still developing their intention to change their behaviour. The correct descriptors for each stage are as follows:
- Pre-contemplation – unaware
- Preparation – ready to take action
- Maintenance – Confident performing the newly adopted behaviour
- Relapse/recurrence – reverting back to the old behaviour
- Contemplation – acknowledge behaviour change is needed
- Action – learning to adopt the new behaviour
Quiz 6: Behaviour Change Best Practices
Which of the following are unethical practices which should be avoided when working with communities to change their behaviours to improve animal welfare?
Select all that apply:
A) Exaggerating the real benefits that a desired behaviour can deliver or downplaying its costs.
B) Seeking to change behaviours that have benefits which are perceived by the targeted community members to outweigh the potential costs/losses caused by changing existing behaviours.
C) Seeking to change a behaviour without first seeking to understand it.
D) Using excessive social pressure or labelling people as bad or cruel animal owners/carers when they do not follow certain practices.
Correct Answer: A, C and D
Explanation:
A) UNETHICAL: Individuals have a right to make informed choices and it is unethical to oversell the benefits of adopting desired behaviours, and to not be upfront about the costs (e.g., required time, effort, money, and disapproval of others). You should always avoid promising more than the behaviour can deliver e.g., exaggerating the real benefits that a behaviour can deliver or downplaying its costs.
B) ETHICAL: It is only ethical to promote behaviours that have benefits which are perceived by the targeted community members to outweigh the potential costs/losses caused by changing existing behaviours as can waste community members’ time engaging in project activities which are not practical, acceptable, and/or feasible for them to adopt, or may cause people to face unnecessary hardship if adopted. It is also ineffective and therefore wasteful of valuable project resources which could be invested promoting changes that have greater potential to make a difference in the lives and animals and communities who own them.
C) UNETHICAL: Before you can plan to change a behaviour, you must first try to understand why people practice it, why they cannot/ do not change it. They may have very good reasons for their current practices and understanding why they engage in their current practices will help you better understand what kinds of alternative behaviours may be possible to promote, and what capabilities, motivations, and opportunities need to be created to support their adoption.
d) UNETHICAL: Using excessive social pressure or victimizing by labelling individuals as a bad animal owners or carers/cruel people is coercive and unethical and undermines people’s motivation and makes them feel bad about themselves. Instead, it is best to support them to reflect on their ability to follow certain practices and encourage them.
When working with communities to improve animal welfare, the role of the facilitator/change agent is to change community members’ behaviour(s):
A) True
B) False
Correct Answer: B (False)
Explanation:
The only one who can change a person’s behaviour is the person himself/ herself, not the facilitator/change agent/organization. The role of a facilitator/change agent is to support people to practice desired behaviours by enabling them to understand (and where possible also experience) the benefits of the promoted behaviours, recognize and believe in their own capabilities, and address those factors that make practicing desired behaviours difficult.
To improve an animals body condition, which of the following behaviours represents an end state behaviour?
Select all that apply?
A) Owners need to grow or purchase nutritious feed for the animals
B) Owners provide animals with sufficient feed to meet their nutritional requirement
C) Owners are aware of the nutritional requirements of their animals
D) Owners engage in monitoring of the body condition of their animals
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
The key to identifying end-state behaviour is to question whether the target audience need to do something else before the desired outcome is achieved. If performing the behaviour described in the statement would result in improving or addressing the desired animal welfare condition, then that statement is considered an end-state behaviour statement.
- A) This statement is incorrect as grow or purchase is not end state behaviour as it doesn’t result in improving body condition unless the owners feed their animals with nutritious feed.
- B) This statement is correct as it shows the end-state behaviour; which is owners feeding their animals with nutritious feed.
- C) This statement is incorrect as awareness on the importance of nutritious feed requirement is not an end state behaviour unless the animals are fed.
- D) This statement is incorrect as it is describing a strategy rather than an end-state behaviour.
The following behaviours have been proposed to address issues with animal wounds. Select the behaviour which could be considered a divisible behaviour?
Select all that apply:
A) Guiding without whipping the animal
B) Load animals within the load bearing limits appropriate for the animal species
C) Use padded equipment to prevent rubbing
D) Preventing wounds
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
Preventing wounds is divisible because it can be further divided with different behaviours. E.g. preventing wounds includes all of the above three. Ideally you need to choose which one of the three is the most impactful at addressing welfare issues to address wounds. (Choose the one that is likely to have more impact)
Which of the following behaviour change statements corresponding to an animal welfare issues are well developed/correct?
Select all that apply:
- A) Animal Welfare Issue: wounds caused from equipment rubbing. Behaviour Change Statement: Working animal owners use padded equipment whenever animals are working and wearing equipment to prevent wounds from rubbing equipment
- B) Animal Welfare Issue: Very poor body condition/underweight. Behaviour Change Statement: Owners grow sufficient feed to meet their animals’ nutritional requirements for feeding three times per day
- C) Animal Welfare Issue: Animal illness from preventable disease. Behaviour Change Statement: Owners take preventative care to promote their animals welfare.
- D) Animal Welfare Issue: Animal illness from preventable disease. Behaviour Change Statement: Women seek the services of qualified animal health service providers to vaccinate their animals on a yearly basis to prevent disease.
Correct Answer: A and D
Explanation:
Whenever an animal welfare issue arises, it is important to then specify them in terms of human behaviour and the desired end state behaviour, meaning the behaviour that actually produces the desired outcome. A behaviour change statement needs to specify Who needs to do the behaviour, What they need to do differently, and How they need to do it including any relevant details such as when, where, with whom and how frequently to do the behaviour. Thus, answers “A” and “D” are correct statements, while “B” and “C” are incorrect because they don’t show an end state behaviour. In addition, “C” is incorrect as it doesn’t specify who needs to do what differently and how often.
Read the following scenario, and then select the statements that follow which are FALSE.
Due to a tight project deadline, project staff did not have a lot of time to work with communities and found it challenging to organize meetings with them. After conducting educational activities to raise awareness about animal welfare, staff worked with members of the community to identify their priority animal welfare issues and then began working with communities to change their behaviours to new, alternative behaviours the project recommended they adopt to address animal welfare issues.
- A) This approach is ethical because project staff have the greatest expertise in animal welfare and are more likely to recommend the most appropriate solution.
- B) This approach is unethical because the project team did not spend the time to understand current behaviours/practices before beginning to promote solutions.
- C) This is a reasonable workaround given the situation faced by project staff.
Correct Answer: A and C
Explanation:
- A) FALSE: Communities have the best understanding of what is feasible and appropriate given their local context and should always be engaged to ensure any new behaviour or practices being promoted are locally appropriate. It is ethical to ensure communities have a say in the decisions which affect their lives, and this also helps to promote their self-efficacy and empowerment. Project staff’s subject matter expertise on solutions to animal welfare issues is most appropriately offered when communities ask for support in identifying solutions because they lack capacity to do so themselves. Alternatively, it can be appropriate to recommend solutions if communities’ proposed solutions are likely to cause further harm to animals, the environment, or people.
- B) TRUE: It is ethical to spend time understanding communities’ current behaviours/practices before beginning to promote solutions because they may have good reasons for undertaking their current practices, and why they may or may not be able to adopt desired changes, and will help ensure projects understand what capabilities, motivations, and opportunities may be needed for change to be possible and ensure projects are designed effectively and efficiently to address them.
- C) FALSE: This is not a reasonable workaround as prescribed solutions are much less effective and unlikely to be owned or sustained by communities, may not be appropriate for the local context, and may waste valuable time and resources both project and participating communities. Implementing organizations need to ensure they build in sufficient time when planning projects to properly engage communities in the identification of any behaviours or practices a project may seek to promote.
Quiz 7: Key Concepts in Community Engagement and Development
Which of following key concepts does NOT represent an important consideration within Community Engagement and Community Development processes?
Select all that apply:
A) Community Participation
B) Diversity and Inclusion
C) Gender
D) Comparison
E) Intersectionality
F) Equality and Equity
G) Gender Mainstreaming
Correct Answer: D
Explanation:
'D' - Comparison is not a key concept which is important to consider within community engagement and development processes. Rationales for why answers a, b, c, e, f, and g are all important considerations within community engagement and development processes are explained below:
A) Community Participation: is an essential element of any community engagement or development process and it is important to understand what the goal of community participation is as this can determine how best to design community engagement and development processes to achieve the desired extent of community participation and influence over planning and decision making processes.
B) Diversity and Inclusion: diverse representation in participation amongst different groups within community engagement and development processes is important; however is not sufficient to enabling them to influence and inform decision making processes. Such processes should also therefore aim to promote their inclusion by ensuring their diverse perspectives, knowledge, skills, and lived experiences are also valued and integrated.
C) Gender: socially and culturally constructed norms and expectations of men and women can impact their access and availability of resources and services, decision making power, and ability to influence and participate between the sexes, making gender an important consideration within community engagement and development processes.
E) Intersectionality: Intersectionality refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations as they apply to a given individual or group such as race, class, and gender amongst others, which act to create overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. To ensure community engagement and development processes do not reinforce inequalities and are designed to effectively support different groups’ equal participation and ability to influence and benefit from such processes, it is useful to use an intersectional to inform the design and implementation of community engagement and development processes.
F) Equality and Equity: Equality refers to each individual or group of people having the same resources or opportunities and being treated the same regardless of their differences. Equity is a means for achieving equality by seeking to understand the inequalities that exist and working to address them so that all groups have what they need to have equal opportunities. The concept recognizes that different groups have different needs and social power and that these differences can make it more challenging for some groups to achieve the same goals with the same effort.
G) Gender mainstreaming: It involves ensuring that gendered analysis, gender perspectives, and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to any planned actions such as project activities, programmes, policies, and legislation so that inequality is not perpetuated.
Which among the following is (are) the participation goal(s) associated with community engagement and development processes?
Tick all that apply:
A) Consulting
B) Empowering
C) Informing
D) Collaborating
E) Involving
Correct Answer: A, B, D and E
Explanation:
A, B, D, and E - they involve two-way communication with the community. However, C) Informing is the only participation goal which is not associated with community engagement and development processes. This is because informing involves only one-way communication, where communities are provided with information.
Quiz 8: Core Values and Principles of Community Engagement and Development Processes
Which of the following is NOT a key Similarities between Community Engagement and Development Processes?
Select which one applies:
A) Both seeks community participation to inform identification of issues and solutions, project planning and implementation.
B) Both requires strong community facilitation skills as they heavily rely on participatory learning and action methods.
C) Both ensure engagement of communities is an outcome (rather than a process) e.g., to build relationships, build capacity, provide information.
D) Both employ best practices informed by a set of shared core values and principles.
Correct Answer: D
Explanation:
D) - A strong community facilitation skills as and requirement for participatory learning and action methods is a unique characteristic to the Community development approach.
Which of the following is (are) the core values and principles shared by the Community Engagement and Community Development processes?
Tick all that apply:
A) Promote Community Participation and Two-Way Communication
B) Self-Efficacy
C) Self-determination and Ownership
D) Promote Equality, Inclusiveness, and diversity
E) Do No Harm
Correct Answer: All
Explanation:
All are principles and values shared between CE and CD and are interdependent and reinforcing of one another and it is therefore recommended they be promoted together to the greatest extent feasible for achievement of optimal outcomes.
Quiz 9: Approaches for Working with Communities
On the spectrum of community participation, what levels of participation are typically supported by each of the following approaches to working with communities?
Select all that apply:
A) Community Development Approach:- Empower
B) Community Engagement Approach: Inform, Consult, Involve, Collaborate, Empower
C) Societal Outreach and Campaigns Approach: Inform, Consult, Involve, Collaborate, Empower
D) Community Engagement Approach:- Consult, Involve, Collaborate
Correct Answer: A and D
Explanations:
- Empower: The CD approach supports community empowerment through reliance on PLA processes and tools that enable community members to decide where they are now, where they want to go, and make a plan to reach these goals, based on self-reliance and sharing of power. It may also support collaboration when knowledgeable experts support communities to identify locally appropriate solutions for improving the welfare of their animals which do no harm.
- Consult, Involve, Collaborate: The level of participation supported by the CE approach can vary from consult, to involve or collaborate depending on how the approach is implemented. It can support collaboration when it supports communities to identify solutions for achieving desired changes through a collaborative process of inquiry and reflection. Alternatively it may simply involve them in the identification of these issues and solutions, or the implementing organization may set the animal welfare and behaviour change priorities and simply consult them to obtain information to inform their planning and implementation of interventions.
- Consult, Involve: The level of participation supported by the SOC approach can vary from consult to involve. For example, it may consult with communities to gather feedback or information to inform outreach messages which reflect the implementing organizations priorities. Alternatively, it could go a step further and involve them in the identification of issues and/or solutions to be promoted, as well as support their participation in implementing outreach activities and delivering communications e.g. community theatre, radio shows etc.
Which of the following is NOT a key Consideration when selecting intensive community development approach?
Select all that apply:
A) Communities can be reached to meet with them directly.
B) Community members are willing and able to meet regularly, and there is sufficient social cohesion/trust to work together for collective action (e.g. not geographically spread, non-migratory)
C) Requires a high level of facilitation skills to support the participatory learning and action process.
D) Requires highest investment of support/time to implement (3-5 years)
E) Recommended approach when working with highly vulnerable people and animals (animal at high risk of poor welfare)
F) Due to higher support investment, and targeted engagement of groups - may not permit broad reach (depends on capacity of resources of implementing organization)
G) Targets large amounts of people/broad reach.
H) Recommended approach for animals at low -moderate risk of poor welfare and amongst populations whose livelihoods are not highly vulnerable.
Correct Answer: G and H
Explanation:
G) is a consideration for selecting Extensive Societal Outreach and Campaigns while H) is a consideration for selecting Semi-Intensive Community Engagement.
Select the COM-B sub-components/behavioural drivers approaches which are BEST addressed by Community Development Approach for working with communities.
Choose any that apply:
A) Psychological Capability and Physical Capability
B) Social Opportunity and Physical Opportunity
C) Reflective Motivation and Automatic Motivation
D) All are correct responses
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
CD Approach - Psychological Capability, Physical Capability, Social Opportunity, Physical Opportunity, Reflective Motivation, and Automatic Motivation: The CD approach incorporates capacity building related to knowledge and skills. Social opportunity can be addressed through peer-to-peer support, and peer pressure within community groups as well as modelling by community groups supporting creation of social norms. Collective action can help create physical opportunities for community members which would otherwise not be possible operating solely as individuals. Also, the collective voice and empowerment of groups and enable them to better advocate for their needs. Reflective motivation can be addressed through the use of PLA tools which promote reflection and learning reflect.
Select the COM-B sub-components/behavioural drivers approaches which are BEST addressed by Societal Outreach and Campaign approach for working with communities.
Choose any that apply:
A) Psychological Capability and Physical Capability
B) Social Opportunity and Physical Opportunity
C) Reflective Motivation, Social Opportunity, and psychological capability
D) Physical capability, physical opportunity, automatic motivation
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
Societal Outreach and Campaigns Approach - Psychological Capability, Social Opportunity, and Reflective Motivation: The SOC approach addresses psychological capability in terms of raising awareness and/or demonstrating how to implement new skills. Social opportunity can be addressed when this approach is used to help support the creation of new social norms at the societal level using influential messengers and effective communication to normalize desired changes. The SOC approach also supports reflective motivation by using outreach and communication to:
- Induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action.
- Create expectation of reward.
- Create expectations of punishment or costs as relevant/available.
Select the COM-B sub-components/behavioural drivers approaches which are BEST addressed by Community Engagement approach for working with communities.
Choose any that apply:
A) Psychological Capability, Physical Capability, and Social Opportunity
B) Social Opportunity and Physical Opportunity
C) Reflective Motivation, Automatic Motivation, Social opportunity
D) Reflective Motivation, Automatic Motivation, Physical opportunity
Correct Answer: A and C
Explanation
Community Engagement Approach - Psychological Capability, Physical Capability, Social Opportunity, Reflective Motivation, and Automatic Motivation: In the CE approach community change agents work to build target community members knowledge and skills through education and training activities. Social opportunity may be addressed through the creation of social norms at the community level because of peer-to-peer support and/or peer pressure and modelling by community change agents and target peers. Reflective motivation can be addressed by facilitating conversations for change and the reflection and learning processes built into the approach. Automatic motivation may also be addressed when community change agents support target peers to develop new habits, create cues for new behaviours, and support individuals to address potential triggers.
Choose the correlation of an approach for working with communities that reflects the likelihood it will result in lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvements.
Choose all that apply:
A) Societal outreach and campaigns approach has the highest likelihood in resulting lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvement.
B) Community engagement approach has a moderate to high likelihood of resulting in lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvement.
C) Community development approach has the highest likelihood of lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvement.
D) Societal outreach and campaigns approach has the lowest likelihood of resulting in lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvement.
Correct Answer: B, C and D
Explanation:
Highest Likelihood - CD Approach: the CD approach has the highest likelihood of resulting in lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvements because it builds community members’ capacity to support one another and work together to take collective action, thereby enabling them to be much more self-reliant, particularly where formalized community groups are formed, and capacity built to ensure their lasting operation.
Moderate – High Likelihood - CE Approach: The CE approach as a moderate to high likelihood of success, with higher being more likely when communities rather than the implementing organization determine animal welfare and related behaviour change priorities. The success of this approach is also highly dependent on the capacity of the CE agents, and the provision of sufficient capacity building training for community change agents if they are used. Likelihood of achieving and sustaining results may also be hindered by limitations faced in the external environment as this approach does not explicitly address barriers to change related to physical opportunity (e.g., lack of financial or natural resources, availability of quality animal health services), and some barriers related to social opportunity which operate at a societal rather than community level e.g., cultural or gender norms.
Low Likelihood - SOC Approach: The SOC approach has the lowest likelihood of resulting in lasting behaviour change and animal welfare improvements as effective messaging and outreach is only capable of supporting people’s progress through a limited number of the stages of behaviour change.